One of the pleasures of being a UC Master Gardener is our monthly seminars. Not only are they varied and interesting, but it is always a pleasure when the local members present. I enjoy being reminded of how smart my colleagues are. A few months ago, Natasha Mantle gave a talk on California native bees. Her presentation was so interesting I was inspired to learn more about our natives, and why they are so important.
The native bee is a more efficient pollinator than the honeybee (which is not native, but a European import). Natives are active in cold or wet conditions. Natives are more thorough pollinators. Their foraging territory is broader, and they are both generalists and specialists in their foraging — some bees seek out particular plants, and others pollinate all plants. They also teach honeybees how to be more effective pollinators.
Natasha told us about 10 California native bees. They are mason/blue orchard bee, leafcutter bee, carpenter bee, yellow nosed bumblebee, squash bee, urban digger bee, long horned bee, sweat bee, and ultra green sweat bee.
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The leafcutter bee has sharp mandibles so it can chew leaves and construct nests with leaf pulp. Female mason bees build nests in holes in wood. They also use mud to plug the holes in their nests. The blue orchard bee is particularly useful in pollinating almond trees.
The carpenter bee is fascinating to me. Truth to tell, the variety in my yard is so large it is the easiest variety of bee for me to see, as I am nearsighted and not particularly stealthy. I often observe shiny inch-long black carpenter bees with beautiful transparent purple wings crawling over the passionflower and salvia in my yard. They chew on soft wood to form holes for nests. While some eastern carpenter bees may attack the built environment, western varieties prefer to nest in flowering plant stalks, such as agave. The females build the nests, which are complicated structures. Nest tunnels are built with sawdust in a spiral pattern. I haven’t found any yet in my yard, but I am still hunting.
Sweat bees are named after one of their attractants, human sweat. They will walk on a person’s arm, for example, lapping up sweat, until the host notices (they are quite small) and starts shrieking. Which leads to stings. Bees do not want to sting you. I have only been stung once in my life, by a bee upon which I stepped, barefoot. Of course, if you are allergic to bee stings, you should be extra cautious anyway in your garden, wearing long sleeves and not running around shoeless.
Squash bees collect pollen from the Cucurbitaceae family, which includes squash and pumpkins. They prefer the pollen from those plants but will collect nectar from anywhere. The females make nests in the ground, but the males will sleep at night in a squash blossom.
Long horned bees are named after the long antennae on the males. The males like to sleep on flowers — you can sometimes see a group of them on a sunflower — while the females prefer to nest in a crack in the ground.
Digger bees are generalists, collecting pollen from native plants as well as other plants such as tomatoes. They, too, nest in the soil.
Bumble bees also nest underground in abandoned animal burrows. Their extremely loud buzz helps them extract pollen from difficult sites.
You may ask, “Where are the beehives?” Only 10% of bee species live in hives. Most bees are solitary and live in already existing structures, such as a hole in the ground. Note: UC Master Gardeners promote mulching, but if you want a good native bee habitat, leave some areas of your yard mulch free.
Natalie gave us some examples of plants that are attractive to native bees: ceanothus, gallardia, Frikart’s aster, western redbud, Cascade Creek goldenrod, California poppy, nepeta, Germander sage, Russian sage, and Goodwin Creek lavender. These are perfect for a water-wise garden, too.
A few years ago, there was great concern that bees were dying off. The syndrome was called Colony Collapse Disorder — but it referred to honeybees, not native bees. Scientists studied the causes, which could be pathogens, pesticides or even stress. However, honeybees are a big business, and they are doing well now. It is native bees that are in greater danger, according to Steven Blackledge of Environment America. Natives are losing habitat, as well as suffering from climate change and a landscape that is loaded with pesticides. Several states have restricted pesticide use, and the 2021 federal infrastructure bill authorized funding to promote pollinator-friendly plants along roadsides. That money has not yet been spent. However, millions of Americans are transforming their yards into pollinator habitats now — a good sign. Pollinator Week 2024 in June 17-24, so maybe you should, too.
Become a Master Gardener volunteer: UC Master Gardeners of Napa County is now accepting applications for the class of 2025. Visit us at napamg.ucanr.edu to read the informational brochure and register to attend a mandatory information session for applicants. Applications are due Sept. 25, 2024 at 5 p.m.
Workshop: Join the UC Master Gardeners of Napa County for a workshop on “Get Your Hands Dirty in the Pollinator Garden” on Saturday, June 29, from 10 a.m. to noon, at Las Flores Community Center, 4300 Linda Vista Ave., Napa.
Help Desk: The Master Gardener Help Desk is available to answer your garden questions on Mondays and Fridays from 10 a.m. until 1 p.m. at the University of California Cooperative Extension Office, 1710 Soscol Ave., Suite 4, Napa. Or send your questions to mastergardeners@countyofnapa.org. Include your name, address, phone number and a brief description.
25 photos of bees to celebrate World Bee Day
In this July 16, 2014, file photo, a bee works on a honeycomb at an apiary in central California. A study published in the journal Science on April 1, 2021, finds that farmers in the U.S. are using smaller amounts of better targeted pesticides, but these are harming pollinators, aquatic insects and some plants far more than decades ago. (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez)
Marcio Jose Sanchez
Honeybees are shown on a frame at beekeeper Denise Hunsaker’s apiary May 20, 2019, in Salt Lake City. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
In this Aug. 7, 2019, file photo, the queen bee (marked in green) and worker bees move around a hive at the Veterans Affairs in Manchester, N.H. The annual survey released June 22, 2020, of U.S. beekeepers found that honeybee colonies were doing better after a bad year. The survey found winter losses were lower than normal, the second smallest in 14 years of records. (AP Photo/Elise Amendola, File)
Elise Amendola
This 1991 photo shows a close-up of an Africanized honeybee or killer bee. (AP Photo)
A bee descends on a blooming cactus flower May 19, 2009, at Cielo Grande Recreation Area in Roswell, New Mexico. (AP Photo/Roswell Daily Record, Mark Wilson)
A bumble bee hovers over gorse in Noss Mayo, Devon, in south west England Friday, May 22, 2009. (AP Photo/Odd Andersen)
Odd Andersen
A carniolan honey bee works the hyacinth in Washington Park in Albany, N.Y., Wednesday, May 7, 2008. (AP Photo/Mike Groll)
Mike Groll
Honeybees are shown on a frame at beekeeper Denise Hunsaker’s apiary, Monday, May 20, 2019, in Salt Lake City. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
Rick Bowmer
Honeybees are shown on a frame at beekeeper Denise Hunsaker’s apiary, Monday, May 20, 2019, in Salt Lake City. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
Rick Bowmer
A colony of honeybees is seen at the United States Department of Agriculture’s Bee Research Laboratory, April 25, 2007, in Beltsville, Md. (AP Photo/Haraz N. Ghanbari)
Haraz N. Ghanbari
Honey bees that reside in hives on the 20th floor roof of the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York swarm to consume their own honey as they are removed for a routine inspection, Tuesday, June 5, 2012. At the Waldorf, the insects were visible from certain rooms, and guests signed up for tours of the hives. (AP Photo/Kathy Willens)
Kathy Willens
In this Tuesday, Sept. 1, 2015 photo, a bee works atop Gift Zinnia at Hudson Valley Seed Library in Accord, N.Y. (AP Photo/Mike Groll)
Mike Groll
Beekeeper Sean Kennedy works to relocate a swarm of honeybees off of a fence line in a neighborhood in Anacostia, Monday, April 20, 2020, in Washington. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Andrew Harnik
In this May 20, 2019, file photo, honeybees are shown on a frame at beekeeper Denise Hunsaker’s apiary, in Salt Lake City. Honeybees are among well known species that best illustrate insect problems and declines, according to University of Connecticut entomologist David Wagner. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
Rick Bowmer
In this Aug. 7, 2019, photo, a beekeeper holds a frame of honeybees as she instructs veterans at the VA’s beehives in Manchester, N.H. (AP Photo/Elise Amendola)
Elise Amendola
Honeybees fly around beekeeper Sean Kennedy as he works to relocate a swarm from a fence line in a neighborhood in Anacostia, Monday, April 20, 2020, in Washington. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Andrew Harnik
Beekeepers Sean Kennedy and Erin Gleeson set up a new hive at the corner of the Swiss residence where Swiss Ambassador to the US Jacques Pitteloud offered space for new hives for captured swarms of honeybees in the Northwest, Monday, April 20, 2020, in Washington. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Andrew Harnik
Beekeeper Erin Gleeson pulls out a bee clip containing a queen bee, marked with a blue dot on its back, in a new hive location on the corner of the Residence of the Swiss Ambassador which Swiss Ambassador to the US Jacques Pitteloud offered for captured swarms of honeybees in the Northwest, Monday, April 20, 2020, in Washington. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Andrew Harnik
A bee flies toward a blooming milkweed at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Md., Wednesday, June 5, 2019. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)
Carolyn Kaster
A bee pollinates a milkweed flower at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Maryland, Friday, May 31, 2019. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)
Carolyn Kaster
Martin Schutt/picture alliance/Getty Images
Honeybees are shown on a frame at beekeeper Denise Hunsaker’s apiary, Monday, May 20, 2019, in Salt Lake City. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
Rick Bowmer
Honeybees are shown at beekeeper Denise Hunsaker’s apiary, Monday, May 20, 2019, in Salt Lake City. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
Rick Bowmer
Honeybees are shown on a frame at beekeeper Denise Hunsaker’s apiary, Monday, May 20, 2019, in Salt Lake City. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
Rick Bowmer
Beekeeper Sean Kennedy brushes bees off of his truck after setting up a new hive at the corner of the Swiss residence where Swiss Ambassador to the US Jacques Pitteloud offered space for new hives for captured swarms of honeybees in the Northwest, Monday, April 20, 2020, in Washington. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Andrew Harnik
Cindy Watter is a UC Master Gardener of Napa County.
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